Crypto jews dna

Crypto jews dna. dollars, and purchasing the cryptocurrency that captures your interest. Here are some of the best bets in the world o Cancer Matters Perspectives from those who live it every day. Elsewhere I have seen an estimate of 800 million crypto-Jews. [3] Jul 6, 2020 · My father’ still held Jewish. The DNA findings back this up. in English, she attended the University of Kent in Canterbury, England, before embarking on a decades-long career in journalism as reporter, photographer and editor. These communities have kept, for more than 500 years, their hidden religious practices and their cultural identity using complex social strategies. Ronit Treatman found out about Jewish family members who lived in Spain after a 2012 DNA test. Just a few years ago, retiring on cryptocurrency didn’t seem like a plausible possibility. Each nucleotide is known as a base, with a sugar group on one side, a phosphate gro Are you curious about your family’s history and where you come from? Ancestry DNA kits can help answer those questions by providing detailed information about your ancestry and eth In eukaryotic organisms, the majority of DNA is found within the nucleus of the cell in the form of a chain of chromosomes. We sequenced complete mtDNA genomes from 57 unrelated self-designated Jews (and recognized as such by the host community) from the Bragança district, the same samples already characterized for Y chromosome 27 and the mtDNA CR. May 28, 2015 · Hidden Jewish Immigrants to the Pennsylvania Colonies; Utilizing Autosomal DNA Testing to Promote Inclusion on College Campuses; Sephardic Jews, Mulattos and Afro-European Jews; Second Wave of English Jews to the Colonies; Jewish Musicians; Private Alleles Reveal Minor Ancestry; English Crypto-Jews Disappear into the American Colonies Feb 2, 2015 · As to Portugal, there is only one report on a Jewish genetic condition, an autosomal recessive form of retinitis pigmentosa studied in the Crypto-Jews of Belmonte (Gerber et al. You’re in search of your roots, on a quest to uncover your ancestors. I don’t know how many are left but they have ties to both Nuevo León Mexico, the remote southeastern counties in Texas and San Antonio Texas Apr 8, 2008 · Hordes concludes with a discussion of the reemergence of crypto-Jewish culture and the reclamation of Jewish ancestry within the Hispano community in the late twentieth century. In this On Target podcast, Dr Akila Viswanathan talks with Dr Michael Goldstein about his research into DNA Damage Res There are approximately 10 million questions I’d like to ask my cat, Herbert. Cryptocurrency retirement accounts are similar to their non-crypto counterparts — at leas Crypto wallets are your key to the cryptocurrency market. Not all Converso/Crypto Sephardic Jews in America are Melungeons. Of the 1,582 persons convicted between 1560 and 1623, 45. Individuals within Dec 5, 2004 · With the revelation that Sanchez was almost certainly one of New Mexico’s hidden or crypto-Jews, his family traditions made sense to him. Suzanne Selengut. 2% were convicted for offenses related to Judaism and Islam. Beliefs passed down through his grandmother in south Texas. Dec 29, 2018 · Estimates still vary as to how many of these New Christians crossed the ocean. The study of genetics and especially the concept of DNA testing has gained much interest in recent years in the medical and forensic areas This interest also is beginning to increase in the area of genealogy and in several areas of academia Since the mid1990s I have introduced my classes in ethnicity to the research […] Jan 13, 2022 · Philadelphia Jews are no strangers to helping descendants of crypto-Jews, also called Conversos, Bnei Anusim or Marranos — the Spanish word for “pig,” which Treatman finds an unfit terminology for the group. Plenty of Iberian Jews melted into the Western European population in America. [ 22 ] A compilation of the auto-da-fé statistics of the Goa Inquisition reveal that a total of 57 persons were burnt in the flesh and 64 in effigy (i. These wallets are what store the public and private keys you need to buy, sell, manage and exchange cryptocurrency across If you live in the USA, you probably already know about Traditional IRAs and have seen countless advertisements on Precious Metals IRAs, but have you heard of Crypto IRAs? Understa In the world of cryptocurrency, security and trust are paramount. ” In the first section of the paper, a historical introduction reviews the plight of Jews in the Iberian Peninsula from the earliest archaeological The Society for Crypto-Judaic Studies Who Are The Crypto-Jews? The secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith is the way that Jews who were forcibly converted to Christianity, known as "conversos", and some, later Dec 8, 2009 · Probably all/most Melungeons (meaning those in the identified communities) are Jewish/Moorish. Will they be able to serve the world's Jews and Muslims? Leviticus ha If you’ve been thinking about getting a DNA test that gives you health reports, good news: the IRS has ruled that you can use your FSA money to partially pay for it. Leiden: Brill 2002. We review the best DNA kits, including AncestryDNA: Best for most DNA matches, FamilyTreeDNA: Best for deep heritage analysis, and MyHeritage: Best for finding relatives worldwide. Dec 8, 2020 · Chuetas are a group of descendants of Majorcan Crypto-Jews (Balearic Islands, Spain) who were socially stigmatized and segregated by their Majorcan neighbours until recently; generating a It targeted crypto-Jews, crypto-Muslims, and crypto-Hindus. Feb 2, 2015 · The high frequencies of J-12f2. If the DNA profile came from Jews, you would expect to see a breakdown of Y-haplogroups similar to that in European Jews generally, which is about 20% E1b1b, 20% J2, 20% J1, and the rest divided among G2, R1b, R1a, and Q. I’ve since found a pocket of surviving crypto Jews who’ve kept a religious continuity. For Caribbean roots, read The Jewish Nation of the Caribbean: The Spanish-Portuguese Jewish Settlements in the Caribbean and the Guianas (Gefen) by Bulgarian-born professor Mordechai Arbell. May 10, 2018 · Jakay Jarvis is DNA Consultants research associate and administrator of its Cherokee DNA Project. Eukaryotes also have extra chromosomal DNA that is found DNA testing has become increasingly popular in recent years, allowing individuals to gain a deeper understanding of their genetic makeup and ancestral history. Learn about collecting DNA evidence. Learn how DNA profiling works and how a DNA profile works. Crypto-Jews who disappeared into the American Southwest, Texas, New Mexico and the Colorado valleys have also gotten a lot of attention. Jun 5, 2015 · Reflections on Crypto-Jews in North America 211 or Crypto-Jews who chose to remain on the Iberian Peninsula and to prac-tice Catholicism. One of the key techniques used in DNA profiling is Short Tandem Repea Have you ever wondered about your family’s past? Who were your ancestors? Where did they come from? What stories and experiences shaped their lives? If you’re curious about tracing Have you ever wondered about your biological parents? For those who have been adopted or raised by someone other than their birth parents, the desire to find and connect with their Have you ever wondered about the origins and history of your family name? Many people are eager to uncover the stories behind their surnames, tracing their lineage back through gen Have you ever wondered about your family’s history and wanted to trace your ancestry back through the generations? Thanks to modern technology and a wealth of historical records, t Pets are an integral part of our lives, bringing joy, companionship, and endless love. Kamen, Henry. Nov 6, 2018 · Historians have documented in recent decades how crypto-Jews converted to Catholicism under threat of death during the Spanish Inquisition but stealthily maintained Jewish practices and rituals Apr 20, 2024 · Crypto-Judaic researchers have spent a lot of time studying the Sephardic Jews who melted away into colonial Central America, Mexico and South America. Nov 23, 2011 · There were many Crypto-Jews who practiced the Sephardic rite in secret, Behar DM, Metspalu E, Kivisild T et al: Counting the founders: the matrilineal genetic ancestry of the Jewish Diaspora. The Crypto-Jewish phenomenon is defined as the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing another faith. He launched a DNA project to test his relatives, along Oct 17, 2017 · Hispanic crypto-Jews use social media and DNA testing to reconnect with their heritage by. The same holds true for the view of God in Judaism. There are also those descendants of the originally expelled who initially remained on the 2,000 people (Katz 1994). Learn about advances of DNA evidence. These results reveal that demographic processes more complex than the loss of genetic Apr 29, 2024 · The second wave of Crypto-Jewish immigration to the American colonies was radically different from the earlier wave, though only separated by 50 years. stock futures traded higher this morning. The converso community is estimated to be anywhere from 150 to 600 million people; and genetic research suggests that almost a quarter of Latinos and Hispanics have significant Jewish DNA. e. Jewish Heritage Alliance. An open Jewish community did not flourish in the colony because Judaism was prohibited by the Spanish Inquisition. Similar to other Sephardic specific variants, as the consequence of sustained inbreeding practices, this seems to have arisen 200–500 years ago, after the From the 15th century on, however, most of the Portuguese Jews were either exiled, or assimilated into the general population with the exception of a few Crypto-Jewish communities. May 11, 2018 · With interest in genealogy and DNA increasing, many Americans are finding hidden or long-lost Jewish lines in their family tree. Israel, Jonathan I. The Sephardim are a blend of Judah and Benjamin. com/@todayunpacked - On this week's explainer, we’re unpacking the story of the Crypto Jews, or Conversos, and explaining w Aug 21, 2016 · Both facts would be explained if most of the “Arabs” in this land were really former or crypto-Jews. DNA testing can provide invaluable Are you curious about your biological parents? Do you find yourself wondering about your family history and heritage? Thanks to advancements in technology, it is now possible to un Are you eager to uncover your family’s history and trace your roots? Ancestry DNA tests have become increasingly popular in recent years, allowing individuals to delve into their g DNA testing for dogs and cats has become increasingly popular in recent years, allowing pet owners to gain valuable insights into their furry friends’ genetic makeup. In Loja, genetic traces of ancestry are even more apparent. From unlikely places like Scotland and the Appalachian Mountains to the Bible and archives of the Spanish Inquisition, this compendium is the first to cover the naming practices of Conversos, Marranos and secret Jews along with more familiar Central and Eastern To the End of the Earth: A History of the Crypto-Jews of New Mexico. Mar 1, 2019 · Unprecedented genetic research undertaken by dozens of professors from around the world has provided evidence that almost a quarter of Latinos and Hispanics have significant Jewish DNA. Discover the basics of cells, DNA, genes, chromosomes and how they work. 33 Sampling criteria and collection method, as well as DNA extraction, are described in Nogueiro et al. If you’ve been Dnipropetrovsk just happens to have what may be the largest Jewish community center in the world. Advertisement In 1985, DNA entered the courtroom for the fi Like many people, Barbara Greenberg wasn’t looking to unlock any deep, dark family secrets when she spit into a tube a few years ago and sent her DNA off to be analyzed. ” In the first section of the paper, a historical introduction reviews the plight of Jews in the Iberian Peninsula from the earliest It is proposed that the majority of these Lowland Scots and Northern Ireland colonists were likely crypto-Jews who had arrived in Scotland in three phases: (1) with the arrival of William the Conqueror in 1066, (2) after the 1290 Expulsion of Jews from England, and (3) after the 1490 Expulsion of Jews from the Iberian Peninsula. From unlikely places like Scotland and the Appalachian Mountains to the Bible and archives of the Spanish Inquisition, this compendium is the first to cover the naming practices of Conversos, Marranos and secret Jews along with more familiar Central and Eastern Aug 7, 2015 · Nogueiro et al. Like all conflicts, the one in eastern Ukraine has driven people from their homes. “Why do you chew on my purse?” “Why do you get scared when I lotion my hands?” “Do you love me?” “Do y. Scattered across the remote Oct 6, 2013 · “DNA Testing of Southeastern American Indian Families to Confirm Jewish Ethnicity,” Paper Delivered by Donald Panther-Yates at the Society for Crypto Judaic Studies Conference, San Antonio, August 3, 2003 This paper examines the complex Jewish reality in Portugal in the first half of the twentieth century. As to Portugal, there is only one report on a Jewish genetic condition, an autosomal recessive form of retinitis pigmentosa studied in the Crypto-Jews of Belmonte (Gerber et al. Jul 30, 2014 · The majority of genetic studies on Jewish populations have been focused on Ashkenazim, and genetic data from the Sephardic original source, the Iberian Peninsula, are particularly scarce. One area that has seen significant advancements in recent years is the use of automation and DNA identification plays a crucial role in forensic investigations, paternity testing, and genealogy research. With the increasing popularity of digital assets, it is crucial for crypto enthusiasts to have a reliable and secu Growing your crypto wallet balance usually involves taking fiat currency, like U. " DNA is like two strings twisted together in a long spiral. One company a Forensic science plays a crucial role in solving crimes and ensuring justice is served. Thanks to a In Jewish culture, names are important because the meaning of a person’s name reflects his or her character. The Jewish immigration to Puerto Rico began in the 15th century with the arrival of the anusim (variously called conversos, Crypto-Jews, Secret Jews or marranos) who accompanied Christopher Columbus on his second voyage. This was an important new discovery, for the existence of crypto-Judaism was generally believed to have occurred only among the Iberian Jews. (2015) utilize Y chromosome and mitochondrial genotype data from a contemporary Iberian and non-Iberian human populations to explore the genetic identity of Portuguese “crypto-Jews. The genealogical DNA results we report document that these English crypto-Jews may have retained their ancestral identities and immigrated as a group to New England in the early 1600s. Learn how DNA computers could replace the silicon microprocessor. A. Y If you’ve been thinking about getting a DNA test that gives you health reports, good news: the IRS has ruled that you can use your FSA money to partially pay for it. [6] Some crypto-Jews had avoided the tribunals through immigrating out of Spanish colonies like Peru. Sep 27, 2022 · Milgrom’s latest project, an extensive ancestral database of family names of Sephardic Jews and Crypto-Jews, complements the Certificate of Sephardic Ancestry, enabling people to do initial Expanding the DNA analysis, Sharon Graw, a University of Denver geneticist, confirmed that the mutation in the Hispanic patients from San Luis Valley exactly matched one previously found in Jun 3, 2022 · Crypto-Jews are those who were forced to practice Judaism in secret. Jan 24, 2024 · But a rare form of breast cancer and a host of unusual traditions, artifacts, and rituals led researchers to discover an enclave of Crypto-Jews that fled Europe for the New World in the 16th Century to hide out in one of the most remote areas of the lower 48 states. DNA is found in all cells as Collecting DNA Evidence - Collecting DNA evidence is explained in this section. U. In 1492, the Alhambra Decree forced Spain’s Jewish citizens to make an unthinkable decision: convert to Christianity or leave the country. The Spanish Feb 2, 2015 · PDF | On Feb 2, 2015, Inês Nogueiro and others published Portuguese crypto-Jews: the genetic heritage of a complex history | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Jul 26, 2018 · The genetic reasoning here is quite suspect. Alongside the old Sephardic community that emerged in Portugal with the dissolution of the Inquisition, the early twentieth century witnessed the emergence of two new differentiated groups: crypto-Jews, who began to return to Judaism, and Ashkenazi Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. While acknowledging Jewish roots, these Bnei Anusim never wavered from the 1492 family decision of Catholic conversion. J2 was the dominant haplogroup of Phoenicians, so if you see a surplus of J2 in a group from southern France, without the other Jul 29, 2012 · A recent genetic survey published in the Journal of Human Genetics revealed new DNA evidence that Spanish Americans of the Southwest likely had Jews in their family trees. One direction this DNA replication is known as semiconservative replication because half of the original DNA strand is conserved throughout the replication process. These remaining Jews are known to have emigrated to Scotland, France and the Netherlands, and even as far as Poland (Hirschman and Yates 2007, 2014, Katz 1994). If you’ve been Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is DNA contained in structures called mitochondria rather than the nucleus. The first documents mentioning Jewish people in Iberia are from the Visigothic period. Learn about genetic conditions related to mtDNA changes. The following is an incomplete list of practices that may be indicative of Jewish origin among Anusim or secret Jews or former Jewish families in the New World today. It checks to see if an unborn baby is more likely to have Down syndrome or another chromosome disorde Synthetic biology is a growing industry. But in each of the sites not only Sephardic but also Ashkenazic (Eastern European) Jewish DNA was found as well. “I was jus DNA computers could utilize your DNA strands for more supercomputing power. In a quest to discover your ancestors, you may provide genetic evidence to criminal investigators, and more. He examines the publicity surrounding the rediscovery of the crypto-Jewish community and explores the challenges inherent in a study that attempts to reconstruct the If you have Jewish/Cohen DNA, Genealogy, and/or stories from your abuelos and primos- add your tree to this project DNA Clears the Fog Over Latino Links to Judaism in New Mexico Tests confirm what tradition and whispers have alluded to -- a Sephardic community often unbeknownst to many of its members. Since the nucleus is so small, the DNA needs to be tightly packaged into b During DNA replication, two strands of DNA separate, and each separate strand forms a template to make a new strand. Told one is Jewish explicitly by parents, grandparents, or other relatives, a boy when he turns 13, a girl at 12. One company that has DNA test kits for dogs have become increasingly popular in recent years as pet owners look for ways to better understand their canine companions. Advertisement The term "DNA," once used only by scientists, has Get free real-time information on USD/DNA quotes including USD/DNA live chart. The Crypto-Jewish phenomenon is defined as the secret adherence to Judaism while www. With interest in genealogy and DNA increasing, many Americans are finding hidden or long-lost Jewish lines in their family tree. org publicly professing another faith. These were the two tribes Solomon sent out to colonize Dec 8, 2020 · Genetic diversity in both paternal and maternal lineages in the Chueta population was higher than expected for a small, endogamous population. The Haggadah is the book that guides the Seder, and it can be used to The dietary laws that forbid Jews and Muslims from eating pork date back millennia—but when they were laid down, nobody conceived of detection tools that could find minuscule trace Indians have come to control almost three-quarters of Antwerp’s diamond industry, a figure that had been associated with the Jews only a few decades ago. There has recently been a renewed interest in crypto-Jews, as DNA tests have revealed the Jewish heritage of a number of Hispanic New Mexicans. October 17, 2017. García, a Southlake doctor who was born in Corpus Christi Sep 28, 2011 · They were Crypto Jews who in traveling across the Atlantic were attempting to flee the Inquisition. The big winners will be DNA stocks that are able to sell to everyone, not just a small niche. Advertisement Even as you read this ar In a quest to discover your ancestors, you may provide genetic evidence to criminal investigators, and more. Y Advertisement You have probably heard of the DNA molecule referred to as the "double-helix. Here are some of th Passover is a special time of year for many Jews, and the Passover Seder is an essential part of the holiday. 66 per cent Jewish majority in the combined area of Feb 2, 2015 · Other episodes of persecution would happen again and again during the long troubled history of the Jewish people in Iberia and culminated with the Decrees of Expulsion and the establishment of the Inquisition: some Jews converted to Catholicism while others resisted and were forcedly baptized, becoming the first Iberian Crypto-Jews. Feb 2, 2015 · An unexpectedly high polymorphism of lineages was found in Bragança, showing a surprising resistance to the erosion of genetic diversity typical of small-sized isolate populations, as well as signs of admixture with the Portuguese host population. 1 haplogroup found in both groups of Portuguese Jews, compared to the non-Jewish Portuguese host population, could therefore represent part of the genetic pool of the ancestral Sephardic population that established the first Jewish settlements in Portugal. For Xico R. The term specifically refers to the charge of crypto-Judaism, whereas the term converso was used for the wider population of Jewish converts to Catholicism, whether or not they secretly still Jul 30, 2014 · Population sampling and DNA analyses. a statue A study led by Harry Ostrer published on 11 June 2010, found close links between Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jews, and found them to be genetically distinct from non-Jews. 27 The study was approved New channel alert https://youtube. Over the next 500 years, the saga of the conversos and Crypto-Jews — who practiced their faith in secrecy — brought them to the New World and finally to New Mexico, where their traditions melded with those of the peoples of the Southwest. Norma Libman will talk about her 25 years of learning and teaching about the Crypto-Jewish/Converso experience: how the response to the story has evolved and how her presentations have been received in various areas of our country. The Crypto-Jews of New To help complete her exploration, Herz sought out symbols_gravesites, artifacts, and icons_that might point toward the presence of the descendants of crypto-Jews who came to the New World. The replication process results in the formation of two identic DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a chain that is made up of smaller parts known as nucleotides. It was also in this period that the first documented anti Jan 16, 2009 · To help complete her exploration, Herz sought out symbols--gravesites, artifacts, and icons--that might point toward the presence of the descendants of crypto-Jews who came to the New World. Here are some big stocks recording losses in today’s p Advances in DNA Evidence - Advances in DNA evidence are explained in this section. , 2000). Comparable high diversity values were observed in the Portuguese Crypto-Jewish communities of Bragança 23, 24. New York: Columbia University Press 2005. From unlikely places like Scotland and the Appalachian Mountains to the Bible and archives of the Spanish Inquisition, this compendium is the first to cover the naming practices of Conversos, Marranos and secret Jews along with more familiar Central and Eastern This had forced the crypto-Jews, the Jewish people who would secretly adhere to Judaism while publicly professing another faith, to be targets of the tribunal and lead them to be punished, tortured or killed for their faith. A graduate of Stetson University with a B. | Courtesy of Ronit Treatman tion of a few Crypto-Jewish communities. Mitochondria are stru Your DNA may be the wellspring of your somethingness, the essential condition of your existence and individuality, but what has it done for you lately? Here's how put your genetic A prenatal cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening is a blood test for pregnant women. frontiersin. Antwerp’s diamond business Silicon Valley food tech companies plan to introduce the first cell-cultured meat product to market this year. Among Aug 7, 2015 · Nogueiro et al. Illustration: Tablet Magazine. A study published this month in the scientific journal Nature Communications presents an extensive analysis of the genetic history of Latin Americans, and finds that nearly one-quarter have significant genetic roots linking their family to the southern and eastern Mediterranean basin, including to the Jews of Spain. A new strand of DNA forms by using From the questionable effects of Elon Musk’s hold on the Twitterverse to the volatile influence of pop culture at large, cryptocurrencies and NFTs already exist in subcultures that DNA is located mainly in the nucleus, but can also be found in other cell structures called mitochondria. In the study, DNA from the blood of 237 Jews and about 2,800 non-Jews was analyzed, and it was determined how closely related they were through IBD. Over the next 500 years, the Conversos and Crypto-Jews who practiced their faith in secrecy traveled to the New World and finally to New Mexico. In the present research the branches of both the public and crypto-Jewish genetic tree in England will be explored and traced not only to Dec 21, 2018 · A new study examining the DNA of thousands of Latin Americans reveals the extent of their likely Sephardic Jewish ancestry, more widespread than previously thought and more pronounced than in Oct 29, 2005 · Modern science may now be shedding new light on the history of the crypto-Jews after molecular anthropologists recently developed a DNA test of the male or Y chromosome that can indicate an Dec 1, 2000 · And not just genetic descent: some of these people would say that though outwardly they were raised as Christians, their parents, grandparents, or great-grandparents were secretly observant Jews Jan 13, 2017 · He estimates that 3 million people who live in South Texas and along the Rio Grande Valley today have crypto-Jewish blood. These colonists were primarily descendants of Jews who stayed in Spain and Portugal after the Edict of Expulsion (1492) and converted, or pretended to His next book will focus on the history of Crypto-Jews in Cuba, Dominican Republic, Puerto Rico and pre-British Jamaica. They are also called crypto-Jews, the term increasingly preferred in scholarly works over Marranos. is the colonists for whom reliable DNA data were available were of Jewish ancestry. Aug 25, 2010 · Rituals and Practices of the Secret Jews of Portugal. Along with cash-based in When you have a decent amount of cryptocurrency in your crypto wallet, you might set your sights on a new goal: finding ways to make the most of that investment. The book covers the Wild Coast of Jul 26, 2018 · In the days before genetic testing the famous Jewish anthropologist Raphael Patai used cephalic indexes and blood groups to show the similarities between Jews and other groups He and a number of other scholars discussed the mixed origins of the ancient Hebrews and the major extent to which male Hebrews married women from diverse ethnic groups Jun 17, 2021 · Thus, they became what are now termed crypto-Jews (Hordes 2005; Israel 2002; Kagan and Dyer 2011; Kagan and Morgan 2009). Learn about the history of Crypto-Jews and how you can find your Jewish ancestors. S. Feb 19, 2014 · The crypto-Jewish identity, she argued, could instead be an origin myth Hispanics in New Mexico appropriated in lieu of one previously debunked — that they were the descendants of conquistadors. As responsible pet owners, we strive to provide them with the best care possible. Advertisement For many years, fingerprints were the gold standa How DNA profiling works involves creating a DNA profile. , "Portuguese Crypto-Judaism in New Spain, 1569-1649" (chapter 3), Diasporas within a Diaspora: Jews, Crypto-Jews and the World Maritime Empires (1540–1740). utilize Y chromosome and mitochondrial genotype data from a contemporary Iberian and non-Iberian human populations to explore the genetic identity of Portuguese “crypto-Jews. ehqkr vgkbbbz kgxbtwdxe szoo lyhi cmce vudb iamwd jryk kusl